IMED German Clinic

Myocarditis – Inflammation of the heart muscle.

What is myocarditis?

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can affect the pumping function of the heart. It is often caused by infections or an altered immune response and, in severe cases, can lead to permanent heart problems such as cardiomyopathy or heart failure.

Causes of myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle can be triggered by several factors:

  • Viruses: Common pathogens include Coxsackie virus, adenovirus or SARS-CoV-2.
  • Bacterial infections: For example, streptococcus or borrelia infections.
  • Autoimmune diseases: Diseases such as rheumatism or lupus can cause myocarditis.
  • Toxic factors: Certain medications, alcohol or drugs can damage the heart muscle.
  • Other inflammations: Diseases that may extend to the heart.

Symptoms of myocarditis

Symptoms may vary and are usually nonspecific:

  • General symptoms: fever, fatigue, pain in the extremities.
  • Cardiac symptoms: arrhythmias, chest pain, shortness of breath.
  • Severe cases: fluid retention and signs of heart failure.

Diagnosis of myocarditis

Different tests are used for diagnosis:

  • Blood tests: inflammatory and cardiac markers such as troponin.
  • ECG: Recording of heart rhythm disturbances.
  • Echocardiography: Evaluation of cardiac function.
  • Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: visualization of inflammation in the heart.
  • Biopsy of the cardiac muscle: In uncertain cases for a precise determination of the cause.

Treatment of myocarditis

Treatment depends on the cause and evolution of the disease:

  • Rest and care: Avoid physical exertion.
  • Pharmacological treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiac drugs or immunosuppressants.
  • Treatment of infection: Antiviral or antibiotic therapy as appropriate.
  • Intensive care: In severe cases, mechanical heart support or transplantation.

Evolution and prognosis

The course of the disease varies:

  • Mild cases: May resolve without sequelae.
  • Severe cases: Risk of chronic heart failure or cardiomyopathy.
  • Complications: Possible cardiac arrhythmias or, in rare cases, sudden death.

Prevention of myocarditis

Measures can be taken to reduce the risk:

  • Prevention of infections through vaccines (e.g., against influenza or COVID-19).
  • Avoid intense exercise or exertion during an infection.
  • Avoid consumption of alcohol and drugs.

Risk factors for myocarditis

Some factors increase the risk:

  • Immunodeficiency or autoimmune diseases.
  • Previous viral or bacterial infections.
  • Intense physical activity during an infection.
  • Chronic inflammations in the body.

Is myocarditis contagious?

The disease itself is not contagious, but the pathogens involved can be transmitted.

Duration of recovery from myocarditis

Recovery time varies from case to case:

  • Mild cases: Generally resolve within weeks or a few months.
  • Severe cases: May take several months and leave permanent sequelae.

Conclusion

Myocarditis is a serious disease of the heart muscle that must be diagnosed and treated early. Physical rest and regular medical check-ups are essential. If there are persistent symptoms or suspected cardiac involvement, medical attention should be sought immediately.